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                  <text>The Development of Downtown Lincoln Nebraska</text>
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                  <text>Series of Photographs depicting the development of the Downtown Lincoln area that surrounds and serves the University of Nebraska. </text>
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                  <text>Lorna Dawes</text>
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                <text>1600 N 22nd Street . Owned by Jay D Bowen 1920</text>
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                <text>Home owned by Jay D. Bowen  in the 20's.  he lived there with his wife Virgil (Gaskin) and  brother and sister in law Albert and Ruby Burris Barbara, and another sister in law Ethel Gaskin. </text>
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                <text>1600 Whitlier Street. Owned by Jay D. Bowen. 1930.</text>
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                <text>Home owned by J.D. Bowen and his wife Virgil in the 30's.  This home was valued at $1,600 in 1940.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img align="left" src="http://lornadawes.com/NebraskaAfricanA/files/original/dfae11879b3daf039f7ff0b32a0ec235.jpeg" alt="Pullman Porter" width="361" height="286" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 20px;" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;h3 style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is a partial list of Pullman Porters who lived or lodged in Lincoln, Nebraska during the 1900's-1940's. Brief biographical details are taken from US census records and the US City Directories available through Ancestry.com.&lt;/h3&gt;</text>
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              <text>Ranoaks, Alabama.</text>
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              <text>Jay D. Bowen was born in Ranoaks, Alabama. Father  was Burr Bowen and his mother  was Leucinder (Cofield) Bowen. He worked as a Car Chair Porter from the 1900's to the 40's.  HIs first marriage was to  Virgil (Gaskin)  Bowen in 1919.  They owned a home together at 1600 N 22nd Ave and live there with his brother and sister in law Albert and Ruby Burris Barbara and another sister in law Ethel Gaskin. &#13;
&#13;
During his second marriage to  K. Doris  (Casman)Bowen in 1923 and  they lived at 1600 Whittier and lived there from 1930-1940 with their Son Albert L Bowen.  and daughters Deloris M.  and Marlin . This home was valued at $1,600 in 1940.   In 1940  he earned $960.</text>
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                <text>Year: 1920; Census Place: Lincoln Ward 3, Lancaster, Nebraska; Roll: T625_996; Page: 16B; Enumeration District: 65&#13;
&#13;
Source Information&#13;
Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.</text>
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                <text>Our Slogan- Service, not Servitude</text>
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                <text>A broadside advertising  a demonstration meeting at St Luke’s Hall in Harlem organized by the Pullman Porters – calling all porters and maids to participate. This was before the Brotherhood had the full recognition from the Pullman Company, and they were still garnering support from the porters and advocating for membership into the American Federation of Labor. </text>
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                <text>"Service, not Servitude." 1926. Newberry Library &lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/nby_119026-4"&gt;https://archive.org/details/nby_119026-4&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>To All Pullman Porters and Maids</text>
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                <text>A 1934 broadside inviting participation and advertising the benefits of the BSCP Union. The meeting was to discuss the Brother Case with the Mediation Board. The invitation was open to the porters and the Pullman maids</text>
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                <text>Public Domain</text>
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                <text>“To all Pullman Porters and Maids”. 1934. Newberry Library&#13;
https://archive.org/details/nby_119026&#13;
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                  <text>Read some newspaper articles and clippings that tell the stories of the community.  The Voice was an African American owned newspaper that covered local stories, announcements and celebrations. </text>
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                <text>Statement of the Central Executive of the Workers (Communist) Party accusing the Brotherhood leaders of not standing up against race  segregation in the Pullman Workforce. Calls the Union a 'craft' organization and espouses support for the Negro race and the Negro worker. </text>
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                <text>Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. </text>
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                <text>“ Score Pullman Strike Betrayal”. The daily worker.  (Chicago, Ill.), 12 June 1928. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. &lt;https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020097/1928-06-12/ed-1/seq-4/&gt;&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Monitor article about the petition that the  BSCP filed to the Interstate Commerce commission on 7th September, 1927. They requested an investigation into low pay rates paid by the company  and the distribution of the ‘service’ charge that passengers pays the company for the porters service.  </text>
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                <text>!6 September, 1927</text>
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                <text>The monitor. (Omaha, Neb.), 16 Sept. 1927. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. &lt;https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/00225879/1927-09-16/ed-1/seq-2/&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Read some newspaper articles and clippings that tell the stories of the community.  The Voice was an African American owned newspaper that covered local stories, announcements and celebrations. </text>
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                <text>In 1927, a letter from Edwin P. Morrow  in the Omaha Monitor,  exposing the pullman company refuses to arbitrate with the porters, although they had previous arbitration with the conductors. Randolph sees this as a definite ‘call to arms’. This was noncompliance with the Railway Labor act that states that all workers must enter arbitration to avoid strikes. The Company agreed to arbitration and then rescinded. </text>
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                <text>•	The monitor. (Omaha, Neb.), 19 Aug. 1927. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. &lt;https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/00225879/1927-08-19/ed-1/seq-1/&gt;</text>
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                <text>News item in the 1914 Day Book outlining the unfair treatment and salary of the Pullman Porters. In 1914 a car port received $27.50 a month while conductors got $70 and in ten years reached a maximum of $95/month . To receive a pension they had to be 70 years old, and have worked a straight  28 years or the company. Pension was then 1 cent per month  for each year served. </text>
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                <text>•	“Pullman Conductors and Porters Organize”.  1914. The Day Book  (Chicago, Ill.), 19 Jan. 1914. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.&lt;https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914-01-19/ed-1/seq-8/&gt;</text>
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                <text>726 Q Street. Gustas McDaniel Lodger (1910) </text>
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                <text>Location of the home of Gustas McDaniel. Just across from the  Q Street Train station. Beside the Lincoln Hide and Fur Building on Q Street. 726 Q</text>
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